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Flashcards · Biology

Non-communicable Diseases

80 cards from 5 lessons

  1. What is a non-communicable disease?

    A disease that is not caused by a pathogen and cannot be passed on.

  2. Give four groups of non-communicable disease.

    Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, lung and liver diseases, and diseases influenced by nutrition.

  3. Give two examples of lung disease caused by smoking.

    Emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

  4. Which liver disease can be caused by alcohol?

    Cirrhosis.

  5. Name a deficiency disease.

    Scurvy, from a lack of vitamin C.

  6. What is a risk factor?

    Something that increases the chance of a disease.

  7. Does having a risk factor mean a person will get the disease?

    No, it only makes it more likely.

  8. Name three types of risk factor.

    Genes, lifestyle and the environment.

  9. What does a positive correlation show?

    Both variables rise together.

  10. Does a correlation prove a cause?

    No, another factor may be responsible, or it may be chance.

  11. What makes a cause more likely?

    Large studies, repeated results, a dose effect and a known mechanism.

  12. Why does a larger sample help?

    It gives more reliable results.

  13. Why are non-communicable diseases rising worldwide?

    People live longer, and diets and lifestyles are changing.

  14. What do non-communicable diseases cost a country?

    Billions of pounds in health care.

  15. Give an example of a law to reduce risk.

    The ban on smoking in enclosed public places.

  16. Common mistake about risk factors?

    Saying that smoking always causes cancer. It increases the risk, but not every smoker gets cancer.

  17. What is cancer?

    A disease caused by uncontrolled cell division.

  18. What causes cancer to start?

    Mutations in the genes that control cell division.

  19. What is a tumour?

    A lump of abnormal cells.

  20. What is a benign tumour?

    A tumour that stays in one place, and does not spread.

  21. What is a malignant tumour?

    A tumour that invades other tissues, and spreads.

  22. How do malignant cells spread?

    In the blood, to other parts of the body.

  23. What is a secondary tumour?

    A tumour formed in another part of the body by spread of cancer cells.

  24. Name two risk factors for cancer.

    Any two from: smoking, UV radiation, ionising radiation, some viruses, genes, obesity.

  25. Which cancer does UV radiation cause?

    Skin cancer.

  26. Which virus can cause cervical cancer?

    HPV, human papilloma virus.

  27. What is a carcinogen?

    Something that causes cancer.

  28. Why are cancers more common in older people?

    A number of mutations are needed, which takes time.

  29. What is a biopsy?

    A small sample of a tumour, which is examined for cancer cells.

  30. Name three treatments for cancer.

    Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

  31. Why does chemotherapy cause side effects?

    It kills healthy cells that divide quickly, as well as cancer cells.

  32. Common mistake about tumours?

    Saying that all tumours are cancer. Benign tumours are not cancer.

  33. What is malnutrition?

    A diet that is out of balance, with too little or too much of some nutrients.

  34. What happens to extra energy from food?

    It is stored as fat.

  35. What is the BMI equation?

    Mass in kg divided by height in m squared.

  36. What is a healthy BMI range?

    18.5 to 24.9.

  37. What BMI means overweight?

    25 to 29.9.

  38. What BMI means obese?

    30 or more.

  39. What BMI means underweight?

    Below 18.5.

  40. What is the waist to hip ratio?

    Waist measurement divided by hip measurement.

  41. Which waist to hip ratio shows a higher risk in men?

    Above 0.90.

  42. Which waist to hip ratio shows a higher risk in women?

    Above 0.85.

  43. Why can BMI be misleading in an athlete?

    Muscle has a larger mass than fat.

  44. Name two diseases linked to obesity.

    Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

  45. Name a deficiency disease caused by too little vitamin C.

    Scurvy.

  46. Which deficiency causes rickets?

    Vitamin D.

  47. How has obesity changed globally?

    It has nearly tripled since 1975.

  48. Common mistake in BMI calculations?

    Forgetting to square the height, or giving the height in centimetres.

  49. Where is alcohol broken down?

    In the liver.

  50. What is the first stage of alcohol-related liver disease?

    Fatty liver.

  51. What is cirrhosis?

    Permanent scarring of the liver.

  52. Can a fatty liver recover?

    Yes, if the person stops drinking.

  53. What is one unit of alcohol?

    10 ml of pure alcohol.

  54. What is the equation for units?

    Volume in ml times the percentage alcohol, divided by 1000.

  55. What is the UK limit for alcohol?

    No more than 14 units a week.

  56. What does nicotine do?

    Makes the heart beat faster and raises blood pressure, and is addictive.

  57. What does carbon monoxide do?

    Binds to haemoglobin, so the blood carries less oxygen.

  58. What is tar?

    A sticky mixture in smoke that contains carcinogens.

  59. How does smoking cause fatty deposits?

    The chemicals damage the artery lining, and fat builds up in the wall.

  60. What happens if a coronary artery is blocked?

    A heart attack.

  61. What happens if an artery to the brain is blocked?

    A stroke.

  62. How many people does tobacco kill each year?

    More than 8 million worldwide.

  63. Name two lung diseases caused by smoking.

    Any two from: lung cancer, emphysema, chronic bronchitis.

  64. Common mistake about carbon monoxide?

    Thinking that it replaces the red blood cells. It takes the place of oxygen on haemoglobin.

  65. What does coronary heart disease do?

    Narrows the arteries that supply the heart muscle.

  66. What is angina?

    Chest pain, caused by too little blood to the heart muscle.

  67. What do statins do?

    Lower the level of cholesterol in the blood.

  68. What do anticoagulants do?

    Make the blood clot less easily.

  69. Name a blood pressure drug.

    A beta blocker.

  70. What does aspirin do in heart disease?

    Makes platelets less sticky, so fewer clots form.

  71. What is a stent?

    A mesh tube that holds an artery open.

  72. How does angioplasty work?

    A balloon is inflated to widen the artery, and a stent is left in.

  73. What is a coronary bypass?

    A vessel is used to carry blood around a blocked artery.

  74. Why do transplant patients take drugs for life?

    To stop the immune system rejecting the new organ.

  75. Name a problem with heart transplants.

    There are too few donors, and the risk of rejection.

  76. Give one advantage of medication.

    It is cheap, and does not need an operation.

  77. Give one disadvantage of surgery.

    The risk of infection or bleeding, or the cost.

  78. Name three lifestyle changes.

    Stop smoking, eat a healthier diet, and exercise more.

  79. Name one factor to consider in an evaluation.

    Cost, effectiveness, risks, side effects, or quality of life.

  80. Common mistake about stents?

    Thinking that they cure the disease. They hold the artery open, but the cause remains.