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Flashcards · Biology

Hormones and Reproduction

112 cards from 7 lessons

  1. What is a hormone?

    A chemical messenger made in a gland and carried in the blood.

  2. What is an endocrine gland?

    A gland that releases hormones directly into the blood.

  3. How do hormones travel round the body?

    In the blood plasma.

  4. What is a target organ?

    An organ with receptors for a hormone, which responds to it.

  5. Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

    Its hormones control other glands.

  6. Which hormone does the thyroid gland release?

    Thyroxine.

  7. Which hormones does the pancreas release?

    Insulin and glucagon.

  8. Which hormone do the adrenal glands release?

    Adrenaline.

  9. Which hormones do the ovaries release?

    Oestrogen and progesterone.

  10. Which hormone do the testes release?

    Testosterone.

  11. Where is the pituitary gland?

    At the base of the brain.

  12. Where are the adrenal glands?

    On top of the kidneys.

  13. Is the effect of a hormone fast or slow?

    Slower than a nerve impulse, but longer lasting.

  14. What does FSH do?

    Makes eggs mature in the ovary.

  15. Who discovered insulin?

    Banting and Best, in 1921.

  16. Common mistake about hormones?

    Saying that a hormone only travels to its target organ. It goes everywhere in the blood, but only target organs respond.

  17. Which gland makes adrenaline?

    The adrenal gland.

  18. What is fight or flight?

    The response of the body to a threat, which prepares it to fight or to run away.

  19. What happens to the heart rate when adrenaline is released?

    It increases.

  20. What happens to the blood pressure?

    It increases.

  21. What happens to the blood flow to the muscles?

    It increases.

  22. What does adrenaline do to the liver?

    It stimulates it to change glycogen into glucose.

  23. What happens to the blood sugar level?

    It rises.

  24. Why does the muscle need more glucose?

    For aerobic respiration to release energy.

  25. Why does the muscle need more oxygen?

    For aerobic respiration.

  26. Why is the heart rate increased?

    To deliver oxygen and glucose to the muscles faster.

  27. How is adrenaline carried round the body?

    In the blood.

  28. What happens to the adrenaline when the danger has gone?

    It is broken down, and the body returns to normal.

  29. What is a medical use of adrenaline?

    To treat anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction.

  30. What is glycogen?

    A store of glucose in the liver and muscles.

  31. Does adrenaline make muscles stronger?

    No, it makes them work at their maximum for a short time.

  32. Common mistake about adrenaline?

    Saying it makes the liver make glucose from nothing. It changes the stored glycogen into glucose.

  33. What does thyroxine control?

    The metabolic rate.

  34. Which gland makes thyroxine?

    The thyroid gland.

  35. What does TRH stand for?

    Thyrotropin releasing hormone.

  36. Where is TRH made?

    In the hypothalamus.

  37. What does TSH stand for?

    Thyroid stimulating hormone.

  38. Where is TSH made?

    In the pituitary gland.

  39. What does TSH act on?

    The thyroid gland.

  40. What does a low thyroxine level stimulate?

    The hypothalamus to release TRH.

  41. What does a normal thyroxine level do?

    Inhibits the release of TRH and TSH.

  42. What is negative feedback?

    A response that reverses a change, so the level stays steady.

  43. What happens to the metabolic rate if there is too little thyroxine?

    It falls.

  44. What happens to the TSH level if there is too little thyroxine?

    It is high.

  45. What element does the thyroid need?

    Iodine.

  46. What is a goitre?

    An enlarged thyroid gland.

  47. What is metabolic rate?

    The speed of the chemical reactions in the cells.

  48. Common mistake about the feedback?

    Saying that thyroxine stimulates TRH. A high level inhibits it.

  49. How long is a typical menstrual cycle?

    About 28 days.

  50. What happens on days 1 to 5?

    Menstruation, when the lining of the uterus breaks down.

  51. What happens on day 14?

    Ovulation, the release of an egg.

  52. What is ovulation?

    The release of a mature egg from an ovary.

  53. What does oestrogen do?

    Repairs and thickens the lining of the uterus.

  54. What does progesterone do?

    Maintains the lining of the uterus.

  55. Where are oestrogen and progesterone made?

    In the ovaries.

  56. What happens to progesterone if there is no pregnancy?

    It falls.

  57. What happens when progesterone falls?

    The lining breaks down, and a period begins.

  58. Where does the egg go after ovulation?

    Into the oviduct.

  59. What is a period?

    The loss of the lining of the uterus, through the vagina.

  60. Where does a fertilised egg implant?

    In the lining of the uterus.

  61. What happens to the lining if an embryo implants?

    It is kept thick, because progesterone stays high.

  62. What is the follicle?

    The structure in the ovary in which an egg matures.

  63. At what age does the cycle start?

    At puberty, around 10 to 14.

  64. Common mistake about the cycle?

    Counting day 1 from ovulation. It is the first day of the period.

  65. What does FSH stand for?

    Follicle stimulating hormone.

  66. What does LH stand for?

    Luteinising hormone.

  67. Where are FSH and LH made?

    In the pituitary gland.

  68. What does FSH do?

    Makes a follicle mature, and stimulates oestrogen production.

  69. What does LH do?

    Causes ovulation.

  70. What does a surge of LH cause?

    Ovulation, at about day 14.

  71. What triggers the LH surge?

    A high level of oestrogen.

  72. What does oestrogen inhibit?

    FSH.

  73. What does progesterone inhibit?

    FSH and LH.

  74. What makes progesterone?

    The empty follicle in the ovary.

  75. What does progesterone do to the lining?

    Maintains it.

  76. What causes menstruation?

    A fall in the level of progesterone.

  77. Why do the hormones stop more eggs maturing?

    Progesterone and oestrogen inhibit FSH.

  78. What happens to FSH when progesterone falls?

    It is no longer inhibited, so it rises.

  79. When do progesterone levels peak?

    About day 21.

  80. Common mistake about LH?

    Saying that LH makes oestrogen. FSH stimulates the ovary to make oestrogen, and LH causes ovulation.

  81. What is contraception?

    A way of preventing pregnancy.

  82. What hormones are in the combined pill?

    Oestrogen and progesterone.

  83. How does the pill stop ovulation?

    It keeps FSH and LH low, so no egg matures or is released.

  84. How does progesterone affect the mucus?

    It makes it thicker, so sperm cannot get through.

  85. How does hormonal contraception affect the lining?

    It keeps the lining thin.

  86. Name three hormonal methods.

    Any three from: the pill, patch, injection, implant and IUS.

  87. What does a condom do?

    Stops sperm from entering the vagina.

  88. Which method protects against STIs?

    Condoms.

  89. What does a diaphragm do?

    Covers the cervix, and is used with spermicide.

  90. How does a copper IUD work?

    The copper kills sperm and stops implantation.

  91. What is sterilisation?

    An operation that is intended to be permanent.

  92. What is a side effect of hormonal contraception?

    Headaches, mood changes, or a small risk of blood clots.

  93. Which method is the most effective in the data?

    The implant.

  94. Why is a condom less effective than an implant in the data?

    It must be used correctly each time.

  95. Do hormonal methods protect against STIs?

    No.

  96. Common mistake about the pill?

    Saying that it kills sperm. It stops ovulation.

  97. What is ART?

    Assisted reproductive technology, medical treatments to help people to become pregnant.

  98. What does IVF stand for?

    In vitro fertilisation.

  99. What does in vitro mean?

    In glass, or in a laboratory.

  100. What is clomifene used for?

    To help a woman who does not ovulate to release eggs.

  101. How does clomifene work?

    It blocks oestrogen receptors, so more FSH and LH are released.

  102. What does FSH do in IVF?

    Matures several eggs.

  103. How are the eggs collected in IVF?

    With a fine needle from the ovaries.

  104. Where are the eggs fertilised in IVF?

    In a dish in the laboratory.

  105. What is transferred into the uterus?

    One or two embryos.

  106. Why might progesterone be given after the transfer?

    To maintain the lining of the uterus.

  107. Give an advantage of IVF.

    It gives a chance of a baby to people who could not conceive.

  108. Give a disadvantage of IVF.

    Low success rate, cost, or the risk of multiple births.

  109. Why are only one or two embryos transferred?

    To reduce the risk of multiple births.

  110. Who was the first IVF baby?

    Louise Brown, in 1978.

  111. What is the success rate for IVF in women under 35?

    About 3 in 10 per cycle.

  112. Common mistake about IVF?

    Saying that the embryo grows outside the body. It is only kept in the dish for a few days.