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Flashcards · Biology

The Kidneys

64 cards from 4 lessons

  1. Where is urea made?

    In the liver.

  2. What is urea made from?

    The breakdown of excess amino acids.

  3. Why must urea be removed?

    It is toxic if it builds up.

  4. Which organs remove urea?

    The kidneys.

  5. What do the kidneys make?

    Urine.

  6. What does the ureter do?

    Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

  7. What does the bladder do?

    Stores urine.

  8. What does the urethra do?

    Carries urine out of the body.

  9. What does the renal artery carry?

    Blood to the kidney.

  10. What does the renal vein carry?

    Blood away from the kidney.

  11. Can the body store amino acids?

    No.

  12. Which poisonous substance is made first?

    Ammonia.

  13. How is urea carried to the kidneys?

    In the blood plasma.

  14. What else do the kidneys control?

    The water content and the ions in the blood.

  15. Name two other organs that excrete waste.

    The lungs and the skin.

  16. Common mistake about urea?

    Saying that it is made in the kidney. It is made in the liver.

  17. Where does filtration take place?

    In the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

  18. Why is the pressure high in the glomerulus?

    The vessel leaving is narrower than the vessel entering.

  19. Which molecules stay in the blood?

    Blood cells and large proteins.

  20. Which molecules are filtered out?

    Water, glucose, urea and ions.

  21. What is the liquid in Bowman's capsule?

    The filtrate.

  22. How is glucose reabsorbed?

    By active transport.

  23. Why is energy needed for glucose reabsorption?

    The glucose is moved against its concentration gradient.

  24. How much of the glucose is reabsorbed?

    All of it, normally.

  25. How is water reabsorbed?

    By osmosis.

  26. Where is water reabsorbed?

    In the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

  27. Is urea reabsorbed?

    No.

  28. Why is the urea concentrated in urine?

    Water is reabsorbed, but urea is not.

  29. Why does the proximal tubule have many mitochondria?

    To supply energy for active transport.

  30. What is in the urine?

    Urea, excess ions and excess water.

  31. Is filtration selective?

    No, it depends only on size.

  32. Common mistake about the kidney?

    Saying that all the water is reabsorbed. Some leaves as urine.

  33. What does ADH stand for?

    Antidiuretic hormone.

  34. Which gland releases ADH?

    The pituitary gland.

  35. What does ADH act on?

    The collecting ducts in the kidneys.

  36. What does ADH do?

    Makes the collecting duct more permeable to water.

  37. What happens when there is more ADH?

    More water is reabsorbed.

  38. What is the urine like with a lot of ADH?

    A small volume, and concentrated.

  39. What is the urine like with little ADH?

    A large volume, and dilute.

  40. What detects the water content of the blood?

    The hypothalamus.

  41. When is more ADH released?

    When the blood water content is low.

  42. How is the water reabsorbed?

    By osmosis.

  43. What type of control is this?

    Negative feedback.

  44. What happens to ADH when the water content returns to normal?

    Less ADH is released.

  45. Why is urine dark on a hot day?

    It is concentrated, because more ADH is released.

  46. What is dehydration?

    Loss of too much water from the body.

  47. What does the hormone travel in?

    The blood.

  48. Common mistake about ADH?

    Saying it makes water by active transport. The water moves by osmosis.

  49. What is kidney failure?

    The kidneys no longer filter the blood properly.

  50. Name two causes of kidney failure.

    Infection, high blood pressure, diabetes or injury.

  51. What builds up when the kidneys fail?

    Urea, excess water and excess ions.

  52. What is dialysis?

    A treatment in which a machine cleans the blood.

  53. How does urea leave the blood in dialysis?

    It diffuses across a partially permeable membrane into the dialysis fluid.

  54. Why does dialysis fluid have no urea?

    So there is a concentration gradient for urea.

  55. Why does dialysis fluid contain glucose?

    So the glucose of the patient does not diffuse out.

  56. Why is the dialysis fluid replaced?

    To keep the concentration gradient steep.

  57. How often is dialysis needed?

    About three times a week, for three to four hours.

  58. What is a transplant?

    The replacement of the kidney with a healthy donor kidney.

  59. What is rejection?

    The immune system attacks the donor organ.

  60. How is rejection reduced?

    By matching the tissue type and by taking immunosuppressant drugs.

  61. Why do transplant patients get more infections?

    The drugs reduce the immune system.

  62. Name one problem with transplants.

    A shortage of donors.

  63. Can a living person donate a kidney?

    Yes, a person can live with one kidney.

  64. Common mistake about dialysis?

    Saying that it cures kidney failure. It only cleans the blood while the kidneys do not work.