Radioactive contamination and irradiation - Teacher Slides.pptx

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Radioactive contamination and irradiation

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Warm-up

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Answer each one, then check.

1

What is ionising radiation?

2

What are alpha, beta and gamma?

3

Which radiation is most penetrating?

4

What is a hazard?

5

What does peer review mean?

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Warm-up - Answers

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

1

What is ionising radiation?

Radiation that can knock electrons off atoms

2

What are alpha, beta and gamma?

Types of nuclear radiation

3

Which radiation is most penetrating?

Gamma

4

What is a hazard?

Something that could cause harm

5

What does peer review mean?

Checking by other scientists before results are accepted

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Learning Objectives

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

1

Define radioactive contamination and irradiation.

2

Compare the hazards of contamination and irradiation.

3

Describe precautions when handling sources.

4

Explain why studies on the effects of radiation are published and peer reviewed.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

CONTAMINATION VS IRRADIATION

Radioactive contamination is the unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials. Irradiation is exposing an object to nuclear radiation: the irradiated object does not become radioactive.

The hazard from contamination is due to the decay of the contaminating atoms; the type of radiation emitted affects the level of hazard.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Contamination and Irradiation

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Contamination puts radioactive atoms on the object itself.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Which Is More Hazardous?

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

IRRADIATION

• The object is exposed from outside.

• It stops when the source is removed or shielded.

• The object does not become radioactive.

• Hazard depends on the type of radiation and time exposed.

CONTAMINATION

• Radioactive atoms are on or in the object.

• Radiation continues until the atoms decay or are removed.

• Alpha sources inside the body are very dangerous.

• Can spread to other objects.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Precautions When Using Sources

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Protect against irradiation and contamination.

1

Distance

Handle sources with tongs; keep away.

2

Time

Keep exposure times short.

3

Shielding

Store sources in lead-lined containers.

4

Protective clothing

Gloves and coats stop contamination.

5

Hygiene

No eating or drinking; wash hands.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Comparing Hazards

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Explain why an alpha source is not very hazardous outside the body but is very hazardous if swallowed.

1

Outside

Alpha is stopped by air, paper or skin

2

Inside

Contamination puts the source in contact with living cells

3

Ionising

Alpha is strongly ionising and damages cells

ANSWER

Outside, alpha cannot penetrate skin; inside it is contamination and its strong ionising damages cells.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Peer Review

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Why it matters.

Publish and share

Findings on the effects of radiation on humans must be published so that other scientists can check them.

Peer review

Other scientists check the methods and conclusions before they are accepted.

Trust

This makes conclusions more reliable and helps set safety rules.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Key Terms

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Contamination

The unwanted presence of radioactive atoms on or in other materials.

Irradiation

Exposure to nuclear radiation without radioactive atoms being transferred.

Shielding

Material used to absorb radiation.

Peer review

Checking of scientific work by other scientists.

Hazard

Something that could cause harm.

Precaution

An action to reduce a risk.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

YOUR TASK

Compare the Hazards

12 minutes

A worker handles a gamma source with tongs and a worker accidentally spills a solution containing radioactive iodine on their skin. Say which is irradiation and which is contamination, and compare the hazards.

1

Name each.

2

Compare how long exposure lasts.

WHAT A GOOD ANSWER SHOWS

The gamma source: irradiation (they are exposed while nearby, they do not become radioactive). The spill: contamination (radioactive atoms are on the skin and keep decaying). Contamination can continue and be spread or absorbed, so is more serious unless removed.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Can I...?

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Define contamination.

Define irradiation.

Explain irradiated objects are not radioactive.

Compare the hazards.

Give precautions.

Explain why peer review matters.

Explain why alpha is dangerous inside the body.

Choose safe handling.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Summary & Exam Focus

Contamination: radioactive atoms on or in the object.

Irradiation: exposed to radiation; not radioactive.

Hazard depends on the type of radiation.

Peer review checks findings.

EXAM FOCUS

State the difference between contamination and irradiation. (2 marks)

Contamination involves radioactive atoms on the object; irradiation is exposure without the object becoming radioactive.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Exam Practice: Radioactive contamination and irradiation

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Answer all questions. Use the mark allocation as a guide to how much to write. · 13 minutes

Question 1 · 2 marks · State

Explain the difference between radioactive contamination and irradiation.

Question 2 · 3 marks · Explain

A student says that a person who has been irradiated by a gamma source is now radioactive. Explain why the student is wrong.

Question 3 · 2 marks · Suggest

Give two precautions that should be taken when a teacher handles a radioactive source.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Exam Practice: Radioactive contamination and irradiation (cont.)

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

Question 4 · 3 marks · Compare

Compare the hazards of contamination and irradiation from an alpha source.

Question 5 · 2 marks · Explain

Scientists who study the effects of radiation on humans publish their findings. Explain why it is important that the findings are peer…

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 1 · 2 marks · State

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

“

Explain the difference between radioactive contamination and irradiation.

HOW TO ANSWER IT

Command word: State. Worth 2 marks, so plan before writing.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 1 · mark scheme

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

2 marks available. Award a mark for each point made.

Contamination: radioactive atoms present on other materials

1 mark

Irradiation: exposure and the object does not become radioactive

1 mark

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 2 · 3 marks · Explain

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

“

A student says that a person who has been irradiated by a gamma source is now radioactive. Explain why the student is wrong.

HOW TO ANSWER IT

Command word: Explain. Worth 3 marks, so plan before writing.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 2 · mark scheme

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

3 marks available. Award a mark for each point made.

Irradiation is exposure

1 mark

No radioactive atoms transferred

1 mark

So the person is not radioactive

1 mark

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 3 · 2 marks · Suggest

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

“

Give two precautions that should be taken when a teacher handles a radioactive source.

HOW TO ANSWER IT

Command word: Suggest. Worth 2 marks, so plan before writing.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 3 · mark scheme

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

2 marks available. Award a mark for each point made.

First precaution

1 mark

Second precaution

1 mark

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 4 · 3 marks · Compare

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

“

Compare the hazards of contamination and irradiation from an alpha source.

HOW TO ANSWER IT

Command word: Compare. Worth 3 marks, so plan before writing.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 4 · mark scheme

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

3 marks available. Award a mark for each point made.

Irradiation by alpha: low hazard, absorbed

1 mark

Contamination inside the body: high hazard

1 mark

Alpha strongly ionising

1 mark

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 5 · 2 marks · Explain

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

“

Scientists who study the effects of radiation on humans publish their findings. Explain why it is important that the findings are peer reviewed.

HOW TO ANSWER IT

Command word: Explain. Worth 2 marks, so plan before writing.

openrevise.com

AQA GCSE PHYSICS · PAPER 1 · FOUNDATION & HIGHER

Question 5 · mark scheme

Atomic structure

Lesson 7 of 10

2 marks available. Award a mark for each point made.

Findings checked by other scientists

1 mark

So more reliable or valid

1 mark

openrevise.com